{"id":793,"date":"2024-08-29T17:12:09","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T15:12:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cabinet-bessis.com\/?p=793"},"modified":"2024-08-29T17:36:58","modified_gmt":"2024-08-29T15:36:58","slug":"clause-limitative-et-responsabilite-des-parties-a-legard-des-tiers-evolution-spectaculaire-de-la-cour-de-cassation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cabinet-bessis.com\/en\/clause-limitative-et-responsabilite-des-parties-a-legard-des-tiers-evolution-spectaculaire-de-la-cour-de-cassation\/","title":{"rendered":"Clause limitative et responsabilit\u00e9 des parties \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des tiers : \u00e9volution spectaculaire de la Cour de cassation"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>Cass. com., 3 juillet 2024, n\u00b0 21-14.947<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u2192 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/juri\/id\/JURITEXT000049906517\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lien vers l&#8217;arr\u00eat<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4><strong>Probl\u00e9matique<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Un tiers qui invoque un manquement contractuel lui causant un dommage sur le fondement de la responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle peut-il se voir opposer les clauses limitatives de responsabilit\u00e9 pr\u00e9vues au contrat\u00a0?<\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>R\u00e9ponse de la Cour<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Oui<\/strong>. Si le <strong>tiers<\/strong> au contrat peut engager la responsabilit\u00e9 de l&#8217;une des parties au titre d\u2019une <strong>faute contractuelle<\/strong> lui ayant caus\u00e9 un dommage, sans avoir \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer de faute d\u00e9lictuelle, <strong>il peut se voir opposer les \u00ab <em>conditions et limites de la responsabilit\u00e9 qui s\u2019appliquent dans les relations entre les contractants<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Analyse<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Cette solution qui applique aux tiers les clauses encadrant la responsabilit\u00e9 des parties au contrat est <strong>in\u00e9dite<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Elle compl\u00e8te la jurisprudence de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e pl\u00e9ni\u00e8re de la Cour de cassation rendue dans l\u2019<strong>arr\u00eat <em>Bootshop<\/em><\/strong> du 6 octobre 2006 (Ass. pl\u00e9n., 6 oct. 2006, n\u00b0 05-13.255) &#8211; dont le cabinet est \u00e0 l\u2019origine &#8211; qui avait jug\u00e9 qu\u2019un tiers au contrat (en l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, le locataire-g\u00e9rant) peut invoquer, sur le fondement de la responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle, un manquement contractuel (en l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, du bailleur \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du preneur) d\u00e8s lors que ce manquement lui a caus\u00e9 un dommage ; et ce, sans avoir \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer de faute d\u00e9lictuelle distincte.<\/li>\n<li>Cette jurisprudence consacre l\u2019identit\u00e9 entre faute contractuelle et faute d\u00e9lictuelle.<\/li>\n<li>Parfois d\u00e9cri\u00e9e, elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment r\u00e9affirm\u00e9e par l\u2019assembl\u00e9e pl\u00e9ni\u00e8re (Ass. pl\u00e9n., 13 janvier 2020, n\u00b0 17-19.963, <strong>arr\u00eat <em>Bois Rouge<\/em><\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>La Cour de cassation n\u2019op\u00e8re <strong>pas de revirement<\/strong> mais r\u00e9pond aux critiques qui faisaient valoir que l<strong>e tiers invoquant un manquement contractuel sur un fondement d\u00e9lictuel se trouvait dans une position plus avantageuse que celle du cr\u00e9ancier contractuel tenu, lui, par l\u2019ensemble des clauses du contrat (notamment celles relatives \u00e0 la responsabilit\u00e9)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Elle s\u2019inspire du projet de r\u00e9forme de la responsabilit\u00e9 civile (art. 1234 al. 2) qui admet que le tiers puisse invoquer sur le fondement de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle &#8211; et non d\u00e9lictuelle comme le retient ici la chambre commerciale &#8211; un manquement contractuel en se voyant opposer \u00ab <em>les conditions et limites de la responsabilit\u00e9\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le r\u00e9gime de l&#8217;action contractuelle est ainsi appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019action engag\u00e9e par le tiers sur un fondement d\u00e9lictuel<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Appr\u00e9ciation<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Cette \u00e9volution est \u00e0 saluer sur le plan de la <strong>pr\u00e9visibilit\u00e9 pour les parties contractantes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Mais elle soul\u00e8ve de <strong>nombreuses interrogations<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Est-elle cantonn\u00e9e aux \u00ab <em>condition et limites de la responsabilit\u00e9<\/em>\u00bb ou <strong>s\u2019\u00e9tend-elle \u00e0 d\u2019autres clauses du contrat<\/strong> (loi applicable, attribution de juridiction, prescription, forclusion, non-recours\u2026)\u00a0?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le tiers pourrait-il choisir<\/strong> de se fonder sur une faute d\u00e9lictuelle distincte du manquement contractuel pour \u00e9chapper aux clauses relatives \u00e0 la responsabilit\u00e9\u00a0?<\/li>\n<li>Ne porte-elle pas atteinte au <strong>principe de l\u2019effet relatif des contrats<\/strong> selon lequel \u00ab\u00a0<em>le contrat ne cr\u00e9\u00e9 d\u2019obligations qu\u2019entre les parties<\/em>\u00bb (art. 1199 c. civ.)\u00a0?<\/li>\n<li>Qu\u2019en est-il du principe de la <strong>r\u00e9paration int\u00e9grale<\/strong> du dommage et de celui de la <strong>prohibition des restrictions contractuelles en mati\u00e8re d\u00e9lictuelle<\/strong>\u00a0?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Avec ce m\u00e9lange des genres entre responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle et d\u00e9lictuelle, la boite de Pandore est ouverte\u2026<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinet-bessis.com\/avocats\/alexis-bessis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alexis Bessis<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabinet-bessis.com\/nos-expertises\/contentieux-des-affaires\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Contentieux des affaires et arbitrage<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cass. com., 3 juillet 2024, n\u00b0 21-14.947 \u2192 Lien vers l&#8217;arr\u00eat Probl\u00e9matique Un tiers qui invoque un manquement contractuel lui causant un dommage sur le fondement de la responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle peut-il se voir opposer les clauses limitatives de responsabilit\u00e9 pr\u00e9vues au contrat\u00a0? &nbsp; R\u00e9ponse de la Cour Oui. Si le tiers au contrat peut engager [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classifiee"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Clause limitative et responsabilit\u00e9 des parties \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des tiers : \u00e9volution spectaculaire de la Cour de cassation | Bessis Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Un tiers qui invoque un manquement contractuel sur le fondement de la responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle peut se voir opposer les clauses limitatives de responsabilit\u00e9 pr\u00e9vues au contrat.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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